Ethosomal Formulation as a Carrier for Transdermal Delivery

Ethosomal Formulation as a Carrier for Transdermal Delivery ABSTRACT: The aim of present work was to develop, characterisation, of stable ethosomal formulation as a carrier for transdermal delivery of paroxetine hydrochloride. To prepare this ethosome different concentration of soya lecithin and ethanol was taken. Vesicular size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment effiency were determined by photon correlation spectroscopy and ultracentrifugation techniques. The intro permeation study across human cadaver skin was done. Stability study was done on optimised F2 formulation. Vesicle size decrease as increase in the concentration of ethanol. Entrapment efficiency increase with increase in concentration of soya lecithin. The ethosome exhibit entrapment effiency of 40-64%. Invitro permeation study across human skin ethosome F2formulation showed higher transdermal flux 26.39% µg/cm2/hr. Release mechanism of Invitro permeation shows zero order drug release from formulation. In vivo pharmacodyanamic study F2 formulation showed significant immob ility as compare to controlled group. Stability study result revealed no significant change found in size distribution was found for 90days. Our result indicates that the developed ethosomal system may be potential and safe to delivery paroxetine hydrochloride through transdermal deliverys. INTRODUCTION: In recent years the attraction of lipid vesicle use in delivery system for skin treatment is increasing (1, 2). Paroxetine hydrochloride (PXH) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Commonly available in tablets and capsule dosage form, but oral administration have numbers of side effects as well as it undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism. Variation in plasma concentration and long term therapy leads to severe side effects (3). To overcome these difficulties such as extensive hepatic first pass metabolism transdermal delivery is beneficial (4). The useful of transdermal delivery has been proved for some antidepressants (5,6). It is previously reported that significant increase delivery of drugs across the skin would be done by using an ethosomes as novel permeation enhancing carrier (7-10). Composition of ethosomes system mainly contains phospholipids, ethanol and water (12). Solubility and high encapsulation efficiency values for large range of lipophilic drugs can be obtain due to presence of ethanol. Ethanol may provide vesicles with soft flexible characteristics, which allow them to penetrate more simply into the deeper layers of the skin (13). The present aim focuses on the preparation and characterization of ethosomal formulation for PXH transdermal delivery. The aim of present study was to develop stable ethosomes carrier for transdermal delivery of PXH. The effect of ethanol and soya lecithin on the permeation of PXH through the human skin was evaluated. Material and method: Material: Soya lecithin was purchased from Research Lab Mumbai. Ethanol was purchased from Loba chemical Mumbai. Cholesterol was purchased from Research Lab Fine Chem Industries, Mumbai. PEG-400 was purchased from Dipa Laboratory Chemicals. All materials and solvents used in this study are of analytical grade. Preparation of ethosomes: Soya lecithin and PXH, were dissolved in ethanol. Double distilled water was added slowly with a fine stream in above ethanol dispersion with constant mixing at 700 rpm on magnetic stirrer, in a well-sealed glass container. Mixing was continued for an additional 5 min. The system was kept at 300C throughout the preparation and was then left to cool at room temperature. (7, 8) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISATION OF ETHOSOME: Vesicles size distribution, polydispersity index and zeta potential The vesicle size distribution, polydispersity index and zeta potential of vesicles was determined using photon correlation spectroscopy (Beckmann counter, Delsa Nano, USA). Formulation were diluted by 1/4th distilled water before measurement and measured three times at scattering angle of 900. The polydispersity index (PI) was used as a measurement of the width of the size distribution. PI less than 0.4 indicates a homogenous and monodisperse population. Zeta potential was measured as the particle electrophoretic mobility means of laser microelectrophoresis in a thermostated cell. Entrapment efficiency (EE) The entrapment capacity of PXH by ethosomal vesicles was determined by ultracentrifugation. Formulations were kept overnight at 4 micro-centrifuge (Tarsons) 12000 rpm for 30 min. The supernatant was removed and drug amount was determined in both the sediment and the supernatant. The entrapment capacity was calculated as follows, [(T2C) /T] 100, where T is the total amount of drug that is detected both in the supernatant and sediment, and C is the amount of drug detected only in the supernatant. In vitro permeation study Preparation of cadaver skin Skin samples provided from Government Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad. Obtain from breast reduction operation and subcutaneous fat was carefully trimmed and then rinse with normal saline, prepared skin was warped in aluminium foil and stored at -200c until use. (15) Procedure Invitro skin permeation studies were performed on a Franz diffusion cell with an effective diffusional area 0.785 cm2 and having receptor compartment volume of 15ml. The skin was brought to room temp and mounted with the donor compartment dry and open to the atmosphere. Initially, the donor compartment was empty and receiver compartment was filled with phosphate buffer ph 7.4. The receiver fluid was stirred with magnetic bead with the speed of 100rpm and the temperature was maintained at 371. The phosphate buffer pH 7.4 was replaced with the fresh one at every 30 min to stabilize the skin. It was found that the receiver solution should a negligible peak area after 3hr and beyond indicating complete stabilisation of skin. 5ml ethosomes formulation was placed into the donor compartment and sealed with paraffin film to provide occlusive condition. The sample where withdraw at regular interval for 10 hrs filtered through 0.45 . membrane filter and analysed for drug amount by UV-Visible s pectrophotometer at 294 nm. Permeation data analysis The cumulative amount of penetrant, Q (g/cm2), which permeated the skin per unit surface area was plotted against time. The linear portion of the plot was taken as being the steady-state flux, (Js). The permeability coefficient (Kp) was calculated as: Kp = Js/Cv Where Cv is the concentration of penetrant in the donor solution. Vesicle stability evaluation: Stability of optimised ethosomes formulation was kept at room temp for 4 weeks. The measurement where conducted on of ethosomes that. Vesicle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential was measured at 1, 2, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days mean value where used for the analysed of the data. 2.5. In vivo Pharmacodynamic study Approval to carry out pharmacodynamics studies was obtained (Institutional Animals Ethical Committee, approved the protocol). Forced Swim test (FST) and Locomotor Activity test (LAT) was used to evaluate antidepressant effect of the optimized F2 formulation. Rats of either sex weighing 250–300 g were kept under standard laboratory conditions (temperature 23-30oc).The rats were kept with free access to standard laboratory diet. Approximately 14 cm2 of abdominal side of rats skin was shaved on the in each group except group treated with marketed tablet formulation. Rats were divided randomly into three groups each containing six animals. Group -1 was considered as a control. Group-2 was treated with oral tablet of PXH containing 1.40 mg/day and administered without anaesthesia by using simple poly-ethylene tube. Group-3 was treated with optimized F2 formulation applied transdermally containing 2 mg/day (equivalent to 0.60 mg/day) drug. 2.5.1. Force swim test Rats were forced to swim in cylindrical glass tank (60 cm height X 30 cm in diameter) containing water after the administration of doses. Water was filled up to 40 cm height so they were swim without touching their hind limb or tail to bottom of the tank. On the 1st day of experiments, rats were forced to swim for 10 min. After 24 h, rats were re-exposed to forced swim for 5 min and animals were judged for immobility, climbing, and swimming. After a 5-min swim test, the rat was removed from the cylinder, dried and then returned to its home cage [29]. Porsolt, R.D., Bertin, A., Jalfre M. (1977). Behavioral despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 229, 327–336. 2.5.2. Locomotor activity Hyperactivity, functional roles of specific neurobiological and drugs potential psycho activity were discriminate by the locomotor activity study [30]. Locomotor activity was measured in the open-field test. The apparatus consisted of a square arena (200Ãâ€"200 cm), with a 50 cm height. The floor was divided into 30 equal squares. Animals were individually positioned in the centre of the arena and the activity was measured over 5 min. The open field was cleaned with isopropyl alcohol solution before behavioural testing to avoid possible bias due to odours and/or residues left by rats tested earlier. Also after each 3 animals apparatus was cleaned [31]. Result and discussion Vesicle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential: The vesicle mean diameters for all formulation are shown in Table 2. The result of photon correlation spectroscopy shows narrow peak for all formulation, which indicating that size of vesicle population is comparatively uniform in size. In accordance with other researcher, this decrease in the mean diameter of vesicle is due to the presence of ethanol (touitou et al., 2000). Higher concentration of ethanol produced lower vesicle size. Probably the ethanol causes the modification of the net charge of the system and confer it some degree of stearic stabilization that may finally lead to decrease in mean particle size (lasic et al., 1998). In the formulation the concentration of ethanol increases from 30-35% the significant decrease in vesicle size. On the other hand, it was observed that the increase in soya lecithin concentration resulted in increase in mean particle size. Small vesicle size is formed with the F2 formulation having a 1% of soya lecithin and 35% ethanol. Twice fold inc rease in soya lecithin concentration (1%-2%) resulted in two fold increase in ethosomes size (from 500nm- ). The charge of vesicles is important parameter that can influence both stability and skin vesicle interaction. Zeta potential value of all formulations shown in Table 2. The concentration of ethanol increase from 30-35% v/v resulting in increase in zeta potential values. Polydispersity index was determined as measure of homogeneity in formulation. Polydispersity index ≠¤ 0.3 indicate homogeneous population of ethosome vesicle in formulation. Polydispersity of all formulation shown in Table 2. Compare to all formulation F2 formulation showed less polydispersity index is 0.23 indicates homogeneous population of ethosome vesicles. Entrapment efficiency Entrapment efficiency of all formulation shown in Table 2. Entrapment efficiency of formulation containing of 1% soya lecithin and 30% (F1) ethanol was found to be 60%, which significantly increased to 64% when the amount of ethanol increases to 35% (F2) keeping the concentration of soya lecithin constant. Ethosomes formulation prepared with 1.5% soya lecithin and 30% ethanol (F3) exhibited 40% entrapment efficiency, which was increased to 45% (F4) respectively; keep the amount of soya lecithin constant. Formulation prepared with 2% soya lecithin and 30% ethanol (F5) showed 42% entrapment efficiency, which was increased to 61% when the concentration of ethanol increased to 35%(F6) respectively. These data supported by previous finding that solubility and high encapsulation efficiency values for large range of lipophilic drugs can be obtain due to presence of ethanol (13).From these results entrapment efficiency of formulation was observed due to increase in ethanol concentration. Invitro permeation study In vitro skin permeation experiment was performed using human cadaver skin showed that permeation was highest in F2 formulation as shown in Fig 1. Flux value of F2 formulation was significantly different when compared with other formulation (P≠¤0.05) as shown in Table 3. Highest flux value (-) of F2 as compared to other formulation. These may be due to small vesicle size and high entrapment efficiency alone with high concentration of ethanol. These data supported by previous finding that ethanol interact with a lipid molecules of stratum corneum, resulting in reduction in the Tm of stratum corneum, increase in there fluidity. The intercalation of ethanol due to polar head group environment can result in increase in membrane permeability (16). It can also suggest that mixing of phospholipids with the stratum corneum lipid of the intercellular layers enhances the permeability of the skin (17). F2 formulation was selected as a optimized formulation from the vesicle size distributio n, polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro permeation study results and considered for further study. In vivo Pharmacodynamic study Pharmacodynamic activity of ethosomes F2 formulation was compared with orally administered dose. Pharmacodynamic activity involved two tests. One was force swim test and other was locomotor activity. Force swim test is most widely used model for assessing the antidepressant activity. Total immobility period would decrease if high concentration of paroxetine hydrochloride reached target site. Force swim test Results of FST confirmed that there was significant reduction in total immobility period in seconds by treating the rats by transdermal ethosomal F2 formulation. There was significant (p Table 3. Results of forced swim test. Conclusion: Ethosomal vesicles with appropriate size and maximum drug entrapment efficiency can be prepared. F2 formulation showed highest transdermal flux across human skin was composed of 1% soya lecithin, 35% ethanol and 2% cholesterol. In vivo pharmacodyanamic study of optimised formulation showed significant values compared to controlled group. Therefore, it can be concluded from the result of the study that ethosome formulation is potentially useful carrier for transdermal delivery of paroxetine hydrochloride REFERANCES O. Braun-Falco, H.C. Kortung, H.I. Maibach (Eds.), Grieswith bach Conference: Liposome Dermatics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1992. E. Touitou, H.E. Junginger, N.D. Weiner, M. Mezei, Lipo somes as carriers for topical and transdermal delivery, J.Pharm. Sci. 9 (1992) 1189–1203. Hollister L E. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton Lange; 1995. A Lange Medical Book: Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 448–59. Kilts CD. Potential New Drug Delivery Systems for Antidepressants: An overview. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003; 64:31–3. Frampton JE and Plosker GL. Selegiline transdermal system: in the treatment of major depressive disorder: Profile report. CNS Drugs. 2007; 21:521–24. Singh G, Ghosh B, Kaushalkumar D and Somsekhar V. Screening of venlafaxine hydrochloride for transdermal delivery: passive diffusion and iontophoresis. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2008; 9:791–797. Touitou E. Compositions for applying active substances to or through the skin. US Patent 5 540 934, 1996. Touitou E, Composition for applying active substances to or through the skin. US Patent 5 716 638, 1998. Touitou E, Alkabes M, Dayan N, Eliaz M. Ethosomes: novel vesicular carriers for enhanced skin delivery. Pharm Res 1997; 14: S-305. Touitou E, Dayan N, Bergelson L, Godin B, EliazM.Ethosomes*novel vesicular carriers for enhanced delivery: characterizationand skin penetration properties. J Control Rel 2000; 65:403}18. Touitou E, Dayan N, Bergelson L, Godin B, Eliaz M. Ethosomes *novel vesicular carriers for enhanced delivery: characterization and skin penetration properties. J Control Rel 2000;65: 403}18. M.M.A. Elsayed, O.Y. Abdallah, V.F. Naggar, N.M. Khalafallah, Deformable liposomes and ethosomes as carriers for skin delivery of ketotifen, Pharmazie 62 (2007) 133–137. Heeremans JLM, Gerristen HR, Meusen SP, Mijuheer FW, Panday GRS, Prevost R, Kluft C, Crommelin DJA. The preparation of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) containing liposomes: entrapment effciency and ultracentrifugation damage. J Drug Target 1995; 3:301-310. Fang, J,V., Sung, K.C., Lin, H. H., Fang, C.L.(1999) transdermal iontophoretic Delivery of diclofenac sodium from various polymer formulation: Invitro and Invivo studies. Int. J. Pharm. 19 178; 83-92. Nava Dayan., Elka Touitou. (2000) Carrier for skin delivery of trihexphenidyl HCL:ethosomes vs. Liposomes: biomatererials 21( 2000) 1879-1885. A. Blume, M. Jansen, M. Ghyczy, J. Gareis, Interaction of phospholipid liposomes with lipid model mixtures forstratum corneum lipids, Int. J. Pharm. 99 (1993) 219–220. Formulation of ethosome: Table- 1 Evaluation of ethosome:

Against Abortion :: The Right to Life, Pro-Life Essays

Abortion to me is murder. It doesn't matter on the circumstances at all. The only time that I believe that abortions are necessary is when the mother's life is in a medical danger because of it. I know that a lot of people think that it's okay to have an abortion if the mother was raped. I don't believe that. I believe that if a girl gets raped, she did something to put herself in that position. Now, I'm not saying that it is her fault completely. I can definitely relate to this. I did something to put myself in that kind of danger. I have my accountability. My accountability is I chose to do drugs and dress provocatively because I wanted to get guy's attention. Another circumstance that really bugs me is,' The pregnancy wasn't intended'. Well, to me I would say that's what happens when you have sex before marriage. I believe that women should wait until marriage to have sexual intercourse. People know what the possibilities are with sex and what prices may have to be paid. I understand that hormones may be going like crazy but people still need to learn how to control this. Let's say this as an example: One day when you're married and your spouse isn't around you get that urge. You end up cheating on your wife or husband and they want an explanation on why. What are you going to tell them, 'Oh sorry honey my hormones were going like crazy I couldn't control myself?! I highly doubt that. Here's another one. 'I didn't feel like I was ready to be a mom yet?. Then why in the heck are you having sex? Sex has a lot of different consequences to pay. Girls that do get pregnant need to take responsibilities for their own actions. The reason why I do have energy on this is because I am adopted. My biological mom did not intend on having her second child at the age of 19.

Black bear

The American Black bear (Ursus americanus) ranges in length from one hundred and fifty centimeters to one hundred and eighty centimeters, and typically stands about seventy six centimeters to ninety one centimeters at its shoulders. While standing up on its hind feet it can be up to seven feet tall. In terms of their body sizes, males are 33 % bigger than females. A good example of sexual dimorphism, males weigh between 116 and 280 Kg while females weigh between 45Kg to 190Kg. adult black bears have rounded ears, small eyes, short tail, a large body and good sense of smell.Despite the fact that they have a shaggy black hair, the color of their coat varies through blonde, cinnamon, black to chocolate brown. Black bears can walk and stand using their hind legs; however it is normal for them to walk using their four legs. Scholars argue that it usually stand to look at something or to get a better scent. Their shuffling gait results from their flat footed walk, with their forelegs sligh tly shorter than their hind legs, the second reason for their shuffle is that they walk with a pacing gait.Since 1800s, the black bear in Florida has lost over 83% of its habitat, a fact that is attributed to the increase in human population. This has resulted to a decrease in the number of black bear in Florida. Many wildlife scholars agree that the total number of black bear in Florida is currently a tiny fraction of its historical population of twelve thousand (12,000). The current population of black bears in Florida is estimated to be one thousand five hundred. A fact that is attributed to poaching, destruction of there natural habitant, changes in climatic conditions, natural disasters like being hit by a vehicle.In Florida alone more than 70% of black bears have been extirpated. There is an agent need to address this issue, so as to save the black bear from extinction; hence the writer of this paper is going to carry out research on extinction of black bears in Florida (Bensh off 2002 pp 8 -13). Statement of Purpose This paper is going to look at extinction of black bears in Florida(Ursus americanus), the causes of extinction of black bears, it will also try to establish the reasons why black bears should be protected the paper will conclude by suggesting what ought to be done so as to curb this problem.An Estimated one thousand two hundred black bear remains in Florida from a population that was once said to be twelve thousand. Black bear historically ranged in Alabama, Georgia and through the state. Currently major populations are found in Apalachicola, Ocala, Eglin air force base, Osceola national forest in central and northern Florida, big Cypress Swamp, and Backwater State Forest complex.When all the statistics and tragic trends are accounted for, the black bear in Florida is perceived to be a poor player on this swampy stage, this might explain why black bear’s current population is estimated to be one thousand two hundred individuals. (Blac k bear honey) Causes of black bears extinction in Florida The primary cause of extinction of black bear in Florida is the loss of their habitat which has been caused by human development (increase in human population), according to figures realized by defenders of wildlife (2008), more than twenty acres of black bear and other wild life habitat is destroyed every hour in Florida.In Addition to this the road system in Florida has also expanded at a constant rate of five miles per day in the last fifty years. According to Florida wildlife and fish conservation commission 2001 statistics, expansion of roads in Florida has resulted into the death of eight hundred and eighty bears since 1976 (Scott 2004 p 26).The second cause of black bear extinction in Florida is the failure by USFWS to list Black bear species as an endangered species under ESA in the right time– more than fifteen years ago, Florida residence responded to the escalating threats and decline in population of the bl ack bear by petitioning USFWS to declare the animal as an endangered species, USFWS replied by publishing their ninety days findings in which they noted that there was no enough evidence that could make them declare the black bear a threatened species, despite acknowledging the fact that the animal habitat had been extensively destroyed.Later on they removed the black bear from the ESA candidates’ listings. Florida residence viewed the refusal by the agency as perplexing. The agency refusal to declare the animal as an endangered species gave poachers moral of poaching the black bear, black bear was also included as a sport hunt. This also opened door for the inclusion of black bear in the hunting sport (Scott C 2004 p 30). The third cause is illegal killing or poaching, so as to supply the Asian markets with bear hearts, paws and galls, these organs (paws, hearts and galls) are perceived to have medicinal values in some Asian countries like Korea, China and Japan.The demands for these organs in Asian countries also affect other bears like Polar and Grizzly bears. (Maehr 2008) Reasons why black bears should be protected in Florida Black bear should be protected because it is perceived to be an umbrella species by the scientist, given that it has a wide ranging species. Through protecting black bear in Florida and their habitat, other animals and plants species will also be protected in the long run some of these animals which will be protected includes the eastern indigo snake and Florida scrub jay.The black bear is a symbol for Florida’s diverse wildlife. Black bear being a wide ranging omnivore shares habitat with other species of animals who are natives of Florida. Florida black bear should also be protected because it is an indicator species. Its health and population size can be used in determining if the ecosystem is impaired or is healthy(Burks 1999 p 26). Discussion Despite the threats that black bear are facing in Florida, the U.S.Fish an d wildlife services department have the view that Florida black bear can live on a very small land, that are owned by the public. The agency has allocated the following Osceola National Forest, Big cypress National preserve, Apalachicola National forest and Ocala National forest; these four lands are too small to ensure a long term survival and protection of Florida black bear. Conservation biologists and USFWS agree that all endangered species should have at least ten secure populations, however for black bear they are only four in Florida.The writer of this paper is of the opinion that to stop extinction of these species the agency should allocate more land to these species so that they can have a large breeding space. The agency should also consider declaring this species endangered specie. This will reduce the rate of their extinction. (Scott 2004 pp 32 -38) Most of the black bears are usually killed between September and October. This is the period in which male bears move away to go start their kingdom.When moving they, cross the roads and on the way they are hit by vehicles. To stop these killings, drivers should be encouraged to drive with a lot of care during this period. If this is done the number of black bears who are dying because of being hit by vehicles will drastically reduce (Green place) To survive, a single bear needs a minimum of fifty square miles, as human population increases they occupies the black bears range. This fragment the black bears land.When too much land is lost, the bears find it hard to mate and to find food; this also forces them to come into contact with human beings. Scholars argue that to keep black bears healthy, they need like 500,000 to 1,000,000 acres. The agency should allocate more land for these species. If this is done there population is likely to surpass the current one (Green place) Conclusions The population of black bear in Florida has reduced and there is an agent need to address this matter so as to save t his species from being distinct.Some of the solution to these problems is: the amount of land that has been allocated for the bears should be increased this will give them more breeding and eating space, the government should declare black bear as an endangered specie in Florida this will save them, drivers should be carefully when driving in the high ways in September and Octobers, and lastly the federal and the state government should enforce strict laws which will end up protecting all the animals who are endangered.Reference: Benshoff P 2002 Myakka Pineapple Press pp 8 -13 Black bears in Florida retrieved from www.floridaconservation. org on March 23, 2009 Black bear honey retrieved from www. swfwmd. state on March 23, 2009 Burks D 1999 place of the wild Island publisher’s pp 23 -32 Foreman D 2004 Rewilding N. America – A vision for twenty first century Island Press pp 11 -16 Green place retrieved from www. orangecountyfl. net on March 23, 2009 Maehr D 2008 Guest c olumn Florida black bear survival relies on large acres of forest retrieved from www. tampabay. com on March 23, 2009 Scott C 2004 Endangered & threatened Florida’s animals & their habitats Texas Uni. Press pp 32 -38

Free Essays on D Day Was The Day

On D-Day, June 6, 1994, allied armies landed in Normandy on the northwestern coast of France, possibly the most critical event of World War II took place, the outcome of this event would determine the fat of Europe. If the invasion failed, the United States, being out of resources, might turn its full attention to the enemy in the pacific, Japan, leaving Britain alone, with most of its resources during the invasion. That would enable Nazi Germany to concentrate all its strength against the Soviet Union. By the time the U.S. came back Europe, Germany would rule the entire continent. Although fewer Allied ground troops went ashore on D-Day than on the first day of the earlier invasion of Sicily, the invasion of Normandy was in total, history’s greatest amphibious operation, involving on the first day 5,000 ships, the largest armada ever assembled, 11,000 aircraft and approximately 154,000 British, Canadian and American soldiers, including 23,000 arriving by parachute and glid er. The invasion also involved a plan on a scale the world had never seen and the secretive operations of tens of thousands of allied resistance fighters in Nazi-occupied countries of Western Europe. American General Dwight D. Eisenhower was named supreme commander for the Allies in Europe. British General, Sir Fredrick Morgan, established a combined American-British headquarters known as COSSAC, this stands for Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander. This developed a number of plans for the Allies, the most notable was the Operation Overlord, a large invasion of France across the English Channel. Eisenhower felt that COSSAC’s plan was a solid operation. After reviewing the disastrous results of the hit-and-run raid in 1942 in Dieppe, planners decided that the strength of German defenses required not a number of separate assaults by relatively small units, but an immense concentration of power in a single main landing. The invasion site would hav... Free Essays on D Day Was The Day Free Essays on D Day Was The Day On D-Day, June 6, 1994, allied armies landed in Normandy on the northwestern coast of France, possibly the most critical event of World War II took place, the outcome of this event would determine the fat of Europe. If the invasion failed, the United States, being out of resources, might turn its full attention to the enemy in the pacific, Japan, leaving Britain alone, with most of its resources during the invasion. That would enable Nazi Germany to concentrate all its strength against the Soviet Union. By the time the U.S. came back Europe, Germany would rule the entire continent. Although fewer Allied ground troops went ashore on D-Day than on the first day of the earlier invasion of Sicily, the invasion of Normandy was in total, history’s greatest amphibious operation, involving on the first day 5,000 ships, the largest armada ever assembled, 11,000 aircraft and approximately 154,000 British, Canadian and American soldiers, including 23,000 arriving by parachute and glid er. The invasion also involved a plan on a scale the world had never seen and the secretive operations of tens of thousands of allied resistance fighters in Nazi-occupied countries of Western Europe. American General Dwight D. Eisenhower was named supreme commander for the Allies in Europe. British General, Sir Fredrick Morgan, established a combined American-British headquarters known as COSSAC, this stands for Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander. This developed a number of plans for the Allies, the most notable was the Operation Overlord, a large invasion of France across the English Channel. Eisenhower felt that COSSAC’s plan was a solid operation. After reviewing the disastrous results of the hit-and-run raid in 1942 in Dieppe, planners decided that the strength of German defenses required not a number of separate assaults by relatively small units, but an immense concentration of power in a single main landing. The invasion site would hav...

CHS200 - Critical Thinking - Module 4 SLP Assignment - Fallacies Coursework

CHS200 - Critical Thinking - Module 4 SLP Assignment - Fallacies Coursework CHS200 CHS200 - Critical Thinking - Module 4 SLP Assignment – Fallacies al affiliation CHS200 - Critical Thinking - Module 4 SLP Assignment - FallaciesErrors in reasoning are continually engulfing the contemporary arguments hence transforming comprehension, message and intention. Of controversy is the ability to identify logical fallacies, which is increasingly becoming rare (Holt, 2006). Evidently, fallacious reasoning shield people from identifying the truth.A logical fallacy is a bad piece of reasoning grouped into formal and informal categories based on a technical sense that the argument derives. Formal or deductive fallacies offer a water-tight argument that directly connects the premise to conclusion. This is a fatal error in reasoning that has left logisticians and other experts questioning the logical truth. Technically, a logical error in deductive reasoning makes the whole argument fallacious (Holt, 2006).Logical errors can also occur in informal arguments with limited cer tainty. The probability of establishing conclusions, for instance, exposes rational choices to logical tests. The strict sense of might fails to establish the validity of the conclusion hence failing to meet even the standard of deductive validity (Holt, 2006). In this light, identification of informal and logical error becomes complex considering the wide and inferential capacity to re-shape.Therefore, people commit fallacious mistakes in a day to day sequence. Nevertheless, both formal and informal arguments present a substantial level of errors in reasoning that requires further understanding. The complexity in identification of logical errors may become ideal if presumption, relevance and ambiguity gets a centre stage in arguments.In conclusion, the ability to identify fallacious reasoning also contributes to fallacy. The misleading techniques create a false dilemma in reasoning that loosely leaves arguments to presumption. For this reason, evidence should be a critical element in questioning and interpreting fallacies.ReferenceHolt, T. (2006). Logical Fallacies. Info. Retrieved on May 24, 2014, from logicalfallacies.info.

Collaborative Learning in E-learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Collaborative Learning in E-learning - Essay Example Nam June Paik was born on July 20, 1932. His birth place was the city of Seoul, in South Korea. He had five siblings and was the youngest of them all. He showed interest in the arts from a very tender age. While growing up, he trained on how to play the piano especially classical music. During the Korean war of 1950, their family was forced to flee from Korea to Hong Kong but finally settled in Japan. He went to the University of Tokyo from where he graduated with a degree in music (www.paikstudios.com1). After his studies, this open minded individual relocated to Germany where he studied the history of music under the tutelage of Thrasybulos Georgiades. While taking his studies at the Munich University, Nam June got to meet other music composers such as John Cage and Karlheinz Stockhausen. He also met conceptual artists Joseph Beuys and Wolf Vostell from whom he derived his inspiration to work in the electronic art field. He met the experimental composer Cage during an International Summer Course for New Music in 1958. Paik started showing great interest in avant-garde music while he was trying to find his niche. During his stay in Germany, he started work as a musician and doing performance all over the place. The composers such as Karlheinz had profound contribution to Paik’s choice of a career. Under the tutelage of John Cage, Paik found the confidence to incorporate different styles into his music. He began including aspects of silence and chance into some of his works. It was not long before Paik started getting invites to perform at various avant-garde concerts. Some of his more famous works was the piece Stockhausen’s Originale and Hommage à   John Cage which were his own personal creations. The latter was a tribute to his mentor John Cage. Besides being credited his achievements in the video art world, he also envisioned the internet generation we see

Justify Punishment in Modern Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Justify Punishment in Modern Society - Assignment Example The other just has to do with punishing a person who has committed a crime, leaving a victim who seeks retribution. 2. Although the saying â€Å"crime does not pay† is widely popular, I would have to disagree with this statement. The connotation of this saying is that a criminal will always get caught. However, the police department is swamped with unsolved and cold cases. Our judicial system also finds itself often foiled by a technicality that often sets a criminal free. There are many ways and means that a criminal can get out of the accusations provided he has a good lawyer who knows how to find and work loopholes in the law. That is why I cannot agree with this statement. 3. The Quakers were of the idea that criminals could be reformed if they were imprisoned in a building that looked blank and lifeless upon their entrance. The Quakers strongly believed that in a place where a solitary, and sad existence was the way of life for the prisoner, he would have time to reflect upon his crimes which would, in turn, make him penitent and convince him to reform his ways upon leaving the penitentiary. To correctly quote the Quaker policy on solitary confinement; No prisoner is seen by another after he enters the wall. When the years of confinement have passed, his old associates in crime will be scattered over the earth, or in the grave and the prisoner can go forth into a new and industrious life, where his previous misdeeds are unknown. (Walsh, â€Å"Black Hoods and Iron Gags†) The end result of this Quaker experiment? Most of the inmates either went insane or died after a few months. That is why the penitentiary saw itself being reformed by 1903 to become more humane in the treatment of the inmates. 4.The issues of social class, gender, age, and victim characteristics are often pointed to as having a tremendous influence on the jury and judge when it comes to sentencing the guilty party. However, aside from juvenile related crimes, social class, and gender are not really considered by the judge when sentencing the guilty party because those are not part of the official lawful criteria to be considered in the sentencing of a guilty party. Instead, the extent of the guilt of the person based upon the gravity of the offense and victim characteristics, cruelty of the offender, circumstances of the case, number of offenses the guilty party has committed, and whether he was the main offender or accessory all play a role in determining the sentence of the guilty party.